Sunday, December 29, 2019

Essay on International Law - 1677 Words

International Law International law is the body of legal rules that apply between sovereign states and such other entities as have been granted international personality (status acknowledged by the international community). The rules of international law are of a normative character, that is, they prescribe towards conduct, and are potentially designed for authoritative interpretation by an international judicial authority and by being capable of enforcement by the application of external sanctions. The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, which succeeded the Permanent Court of International Justice after World War II. Article 92 of the charter of the United Nations states: The†¦show more content†¦In the Fisheries Jurisdiction case (United Kingdom v. Iceland , 1974) the ICJ contributed to the firm establishment in law of the idea that mankind needs to conserve the living resources of the sea and must respect these resources. The Court observed: It is one of the advances in maritime international law, resulting from the intensification of fishing, that the former laissez-faire treatment ofthe living resources of the sea in the high seas has been replaced by a recognition of a duty to have due regard of the rights of other States and the needs of conservation for the benefit of all. Consequently, both parties have the obligation to keep inder review the fishery resources in the disputed waters and to examine together, in the light of scientific and other available information, the measures required for the conservation and development, and equitable exploitation, of these resources, taking into account any international agreement in force between them, such as the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Convention of 24 January 1959, as well as such other agreements as may be reached in the matter in the course of further negotiation. The Court also held that the concept of preferential rights in fisheries is not static. This is not to say that the preferential rights of a coastal State in a special situation are a static concept, in the sense that the degree of the coastal States preference is to be considered as for ever at some given moment. OnShow MoreRelatedInternational And International Law And Policy1840 Words   |  8 Pages The International community: developments in International law and policy. (Kirsti Samuels, 2007) Civil war has become the dominant type of war in death tolls and severity. It has caused humanitarian destruction on a vast scale, as well as serious disruption of regional and international peace and security. The author Samuels states that her purpose of this work was that she has written this to collate and analyse a broad range of international community practice with respect to civil conflictsRead MoreInternational Law2995 Words   |  12 PagesIndividual in International Law Student`s name: Institution of Learning: The Role of an Individual in International Law At a glance, one may assume that individuals do not play a significant role in international law. International law may seem too broad to encompass individuals in any society. This is because that international law has no jurisdiction. It applies regardless of the local jurisdiction sometimes even overriding local legislation. Courts may use international law to pass judgementRead MoreInternational Law On Sexual Violence1573 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Law on Sexual Violence in Congo Roody Mossimi Dr. Bruce Stanley Politics of International Law INR 6210 15th December 2015 Richmond the American international University in London This essay will discuss about the problems within international law which revolves around sexual violence and using the Democratic Republic of Congo as a case study. In addition, the essay will explain about who is accountable, how to obtain witnesses and provide recommendationsRead MoreThe International System And Contemporary International Law Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pagescontemporary international system and contemporary international law, the regulation of relations between sovereign states, by defending various principles that she claims will be violated by the potential formation of a â€Å"world government†. The principles that Delsol defends in response to recent steps toward a universal state are found in the works of modern thinker, Emer de Vattel, and medieval thinker, Thomas Aquinas. Furthermore, her critique of contemporary international law is complimentaryRead MoreDefinition Of Customary International Law1710 Words   |  7 PagesWithin the scope of customary international law there are some varying norms that the international law community must deal with, which can be broken down into three different categories from most important to least important: 1) norms in which the international community allows no derogation, these are known as peremptory norms or jus cogens, 2) norms that might allow for derogation, and 3) norms that aren’t binding but some might argue should be. The classification of these customary norms isRead MoreThe Scope Of Customary International Law1681 Words   |  7 PagesWithin the scope of customary international law, there are some varying norms that the international law community must deal with, which are broken down into three different categories from most important to least important: 1) norms in which the international community allows no derogation, these are known as peremptory norms or jus cogens, 2) norms that might allow for derogation, and 3) norms that aren’t binding but some might argue should be. To classify these customary norms scholars use bothRead MoreUnited Law Of Public International Law1414 Words   |  6 PagesReport to International Law First concerning the fear that the concept of state sovereignty in public international law is frequently overlooked by politicians, the media and others. Introduction. International Law First has asked for a report concerning the impact of public international law on the concept of state sovereignty in the UK. This report will examine the limits that public international law imposes on state sovereignty and the effect that this has on the balance of power withinRead MoreSubjects of International Law1108 Words   |  5 Pagessystem. International law is a legislation system that is a set of thousands of documents from various sources. The research about the subjects is necessary since it helps to find out the source of law, which relation pertains the adjustment of law. The subjects of international law include sovereign states and analogous entities, intergovernmental organizations, the individuals, and multinational corporations. First of all, we need to know the definition of the subjects of international law. In theRead MoreEssay about International Laws766 Words   |  4 PagesFirst coined by English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, international law is customarily recognized as the law that regulates the affairs between sovereign states, the foremost issue of international law. Public international law only concerns itself with the issues of rights involving a number of nations, or nations and its people, or matters of other nations. It differs from private international law, which deals with dissimilarity between private individuals, natural and/or juridical, by developingRead More The Role of International Law Concerning Deforestation and Desertification5501 Words   |  23 PagesThe Role of International Law Concerning Deforestation and Desertification The surface of the earth is, in a sense, its skin-a thin but crucial layer protecting the rest of the planet contained within it. Far more than a simple boundary, it interacts in complex ways with the volatile atmosphere above and the raw earth below. It may seem hard to imagine it as a critical component of the ecological balance, but in fact, the health of the earth’s surface is vital to the health of the global

Saturday, December 21, 2019

The Problem Of Child Sex Trafficking - 1746 Words

Child sex trafficking is an international threat to the happiness of children everywhere. Children are our hope. They are the inspiration for a lot of the humanitarian work in which many people around the world are involved. Threats to the well-being of children are numerous. In addition to many living in less than stable familial environments, children today are continually forced to face the effects of a conflict filled society, regardless of their country of origin. Creating an environment that extends beyond safety and includes meeting their basic need for food, love, and nurturing continues to be a goal. This must remain a goal as children and the women who care for them remain the most vulnerable to mistreatment and neglect in even the most economically advantaged countries. What follows is a short overview of the status of children worldwide with regard to safety and wellbeing, information about human trafficking, and recommendations for citizen involvement in prevention of the sex trafficking of children. Essential to the healthy physical and psychological development of children, is that their basic needs are consistently met. Research showed that in addition to physical needs, such as safety, food, shelter and access to medical care, children’s psychological wellness is determined on the nature of relationship with those primarily responsible for their care. Specifically, beginning at birth, the relationship must be characterized by security and uninterruptedShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Child Sex Trafficking1199 Words   |  5 PagesChild Sex Trafficking Have you ever walked into Wal-Mart and taken the time to look at the numerous pictures of missing youth that is plastered on the wall? When looking at how long they have been missing, it ranges anywhere from months to years. Looking at their age, both boys and girls, it is hard not to wonder if these kids are being trafficked. Child sex trafficking, also known as human trafficking, is a major issue that is not only plaguing the United States, but the world. ResidingRead MoreChild Sex Trafficking in Southeast Asia Essay examples1414 Words   |  6 PagesChild Sex Trafficking in Southeast Asia The world today faces many problems that are being combated by many organizations, yet there are broad ranges of challenges that are waiting to be fixed up but the efforts are not producing great results. One such problem human trafficking has been affecting many lives through years but through recent decades human trafficking both sexually and labor exploitation have risen drastically. Especially, in Southeast Asia, where child sex trafficking is a constantRead MoreChild Pornography And Child Trafficking Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pages000 SEX TRAFFICKING BOOK. More than 80% of these victims are women and girls, and 70% of them are forced into sexual servitude SEX TRAFFICKING BOOK. When a person obtains children for the purpose of sexual exploitation or child pornography and plan to victimize these children for illegal activities, this is defined as commercial sexual exploitation Commercial Sexual Exploitation Fact Sheet. UNICEF Commercial Sexual Exploitation, which includes child trafficking, child pornography, and child sex tourismRead MorePersuasive Essay On Sex Trafficking1094 Words   |  5 PagesSex trafficking is becoming more and more of a problem as time moves on. Sex trafficking is the recruitment, harbouring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act, in which the commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion [Internet Safety 101]. Sex trafficking is increasing due to the evolution of modern day social services and sources. From safety sources, it is the 2nd fastest growing criminal industry [Internet Safety 101]. More andRead MoreThe Sex Industry Has Become A Global Multimillion Dollar Industry1580 Words   |  7 PagesThe sex industry has become a global multimillion dollar industry that involves international sex trade, child prostitution, and pornography. This social problem has affected many individuals, is it considered a norm violation/deviance behavior. These involve promiscuo us behaviors which are viewed as deviance. These behaviors and those who engage in them bring violence to society and it is not considered a social norm. Though some societies believe that the sex industry benefits the economy, othersRead MoreThe Sex Industry Has Become A Global Multimillion Dollar Industry1579 Words   |  7 PagesThe sex industry has become a global multimillion dollar industry that involves international sex trade, child prostitution, and pornography. This social problem has affected many individuals, is it considered a norm violations/deviance behavior. These involve promiscuous behaviors which are viewed as deviance. These behaviors and those who engage in them bring violence to society and it is not considered a social norm. Though some societies believe that the sex industry benefits the economy, othersRead MoreThe Statistics Of Prevalence For Child Sex Abuse Essay1483 Words   |  6 PagesThe statistics of prevalence for child sex abuse varies because of a ll the unique cases of child sex abuse that is reported. Although, statistic show that one in three girls will be sexually abused at one point in the United States and boys are one in seven to be sexually abused (Anderson, 2014). Children are not susceptible to crime as shown in the statistics because predators like pedophiles have fetishes towards little boy or girls. One study found that 10% of children experienced or came closeRead MoreH. R 4980 : Preventing Sex Trafficking And Strengthening Families Act Of 20141671 Words   |  7 Pagesthe H.R. 4980 (113th): Preventing Sex Trafficking and Strengthening Families Act of 2014. It was introduced to Congress on June 26, 2014, and it was enacted on September 29, 2014 (Civic Impulse, 2017). The law was enacted to target several problems: first, to prevent and address sex trafficking of children in foster care (Subtitle A); second, to improve adoption incentives and extending family connection grants (Subtitle B); and third, to improve international child support recovery (Subtitle C) (Children’sRead MoreEssay about Sex Trafficking: How Can We Make It Stop?1158 Words   |  5 PagesSex Trafficking: How Can We Make It Stop? Introduction Sex trafficking is a problem that is happening and occurring all over the world. Many families and individuals suffer due to sex trafficking. Many people are not even aware of what it really is. Sex trafficking is when young girls, as young as five or six, get kidnapped and are used for the sexual pleasure of others with a profit, or are sold as sex slaves to other people. The official definition is, â€Å"Human sex trafficking is a form of slaveryRead MoreChild Abuse and Sex Trafficking Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagesto watch at same time. Other time was a small child walking to the bus stop with no people and a few blocks on a busy street and finally a man came up to her. That bothers me wondering he is a bad or good person which still haunts me. My problem is I have no cell phone to call or to take picture which is worth a thousand words that led me to wonder how common is child abuse, sex trafficking and what are we dealing with. It is a ongoing worldwide problem and very prof itable for the crime organizations

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Lions…Tigers…and Bears the World of E-Hrm free essay sample

The World of e-HRM Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Management College of Business Management Cardinal Stritch University November 29, 2011 Abstract Rapid development and expansion of the internet has boosted the realization and application of e-HRM. Technological optimist assume, that from a technical perspective, the IT possibilities for e-HRM are endless: in principal all HR processes can be supported by IT. This paper aims at giving a clear definition of what HRM and e-HRM actually is, as well as the current uses and technologies utilizing the e-HRM concept. This paper will also discuss some of the pros and cons associated with e-HRM from 4 different perspectives: individual, operational, relational, and transformational. Keywords: e-HRM, HRM, technology, management With the rapid development and expansion of the internet the realization and application of e-HRM has intensified. Technological optimist assume, that from a technical perspective, the IT possibilities for e-HRM are endless: in principal all HR processes can be supported by IT. Surveys of HR consultants suggest that both the number of organizations adopting e-HRM and the depth of applications within the organizations are continually increasing. (CedarCrestone, 2005) In addition, there is anecdotal evidence that e-HRM is becoming increasingly common and may lead to remarkable changes. This paper aims at giving a clear definition of what HRM and e-HRM is, as well as the current uses and technologies utilizing the e-HRM concept. This paper will also discuss various pros and cons associated with e-HRM from four distinct perspectives: individual, operational, relational, and transformational. This paper will conclude with a summary of conclusions about the appropriate and best uses of e-HRM. Human Resource Management (HRM) The human resources of an organization consist of all people who perform its activities. HRM is concerned with the personnel policies, managerial practices and systems that influence employees’ behavior, attitudes, and performance. (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2010) In broader terms, all decisions that affect the workforce of an organization concern the HRM function. The HR department of an organization is solely responsible for outplacement, labor law compliance, record keeping, testing, unemployment compensation, and some aspects of benefits administration. In addition to the administrative services and transactions, the HR department also acts as an organizations business and strategic partner. With the administrative services and transactions, the HR department focuses on compensation, hiring and staffing; emphasizing resource efficiency and service quality. As a business partner, the HR department focuses on developing effective HR systems and helping implement business plans and talent management; emphasizing knowing the business, exercising influence with regard to problem solving, and designing effective systems to ensure needed competencies. The HR department in the ever-evolving role of strategic partner focuses on contributing to business strategy based on considerations of human capital, business capabilities, readiness, and developing HR practices as strategic differentiators; emphasizing knowledge of HR and of the business, competition, the market, and business strategies. (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2010) Electronic Human Resource Management (e-HRM) Before starting to define e-HRM, it is important to identify terms that possibly carry similar meaning. In addition to e-HRM, there are several concepts that refer to the same trend. Widely accepted terms include virtual HR(M) (Lepak Snell, 1998), web-based HR(M) (Ruel, Bondarouk, Looise, 2004), or business-to-employee (B2E) (Huang, Jin, Yang, 2004). â€Å"Virtual HRM refers to technological mediated networks of different internal and external actors providing the firm with the HR services needed without the further existence of a conventional HR department which therefore becomes virtual. In summary, these additional terms undoubtedly direct attention to main characteristics of the same phenomenon but are of narrower intensions; therefore, in order to comprehensively embrace relevant aspects the e-HRM term is used. E-HRM is not a specific stage in the development of HRM, but a choice for an approach to HRM. It is the application of information technology for both networking and supporting employees and the HR department in their shared performing of HR activities, specifically the processing and transmission of digitized information used in HRM. (Srivastava, 2010; Strohmeier, 2007; Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2010) Types of e-HRM Wright and Dyer (2000) distinguish three areas of HRM where organizations can choose to offer HR services face-to-face or through an electronic means: transactional HRM, traditional HRM, and transformational HRM. Operational HRM consists of the basic HR activities in the administrative area; for example payroll and personnel data. Relational HRM entails more advanced HRM activities; such as tools that support basic business processes such as recruiting and selection of new personnel. Transformational HRM concerns HRM activities with a strategic character, such as activities regarding organizational change processes and strategic competence management. (Ruel, Bondarouk, Looise, 2004) What is e-HRM being used for? E-HRM is currently being used for three broad HRM functions: transactional processing, reporting and tracking, decision support systems, and expert systems. (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2010) Transactional processing refers to computations and calculations used to review and document HRM decisions and practices and would fall under the area of operational HRM. Decision support systems, which fall under the umbrella of relational HRM, are designed to help managers solve what-if questions, that is allows managers to see how outcomes change when assumptions or data change. Falling under the area of transformational HRM, expert systems are computer systems incorporating the decision rules of people recognized as experts in a certain area. (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2010) Current Technologies The most current technologies being applied to HRM include interactive voice technology, client-server architecture, relational databases, imaging, and development of specialized software. These technologies improve effectiveness through increasing access to information, improving communications, improving the speed with which HRM transaction and information can be gathered, and reducing the costs and facilitating the administration of HRM functions such as recruiting, training, and performance management. † (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2010, p. 737) Interactive Voice Technology Especially useful with benefits administration, interactive voice technology uses a conventional personal computer to create an automated phone-response system. (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2010) Networks and Client Server Architecture Traditionally different computer systems with different databases are used for payroll, recruiting, and other HRM functions. A network is a combination of computers, mainframes or minicomputers that share access to databases and a method to transmit information throughout the system. â€Å"A common form of network involves client-server architecture. Client server architecture provides the means of consolidating data and applications into a single system (the client). Both the data and software can be accessed and borrowed by multiple users. Relational Databases A relational database is a structure that stores information in separate files that look like tables and that can be linked by common elements, such as name, identification number or location. Users can file and retrieve information according to any field or multiple fields. (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2010) Imaging Imaging is a process for scanning documents, storing them electronically, and retrieving them. This is particularly useful because paper files take up a large volume of space and are difficult to access. (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2010) Expert Systems Expert systems are technologies that mimic a human expert, that have three elements: a knowledge base that contains facts, figures and rules about a specific subject; a decision-making capability that draws conclusions from those facts and figures to solve problem and answer questions; and a user interface that gathers and gives information to the person using the system. Groupware Groupware is an electronic meeting software application that enables multiple users to track, share, and organize information and to work on the same document simultaneously. (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2010) Software Applications for HRM HRM Software applications are also being utilized in the areas of recruitment and selection, compensation and rewards, as well as training and development. To ensure that ensure that hiring practices and decisions align with the law, traditional recruitment and selection processes have typically required considerable face-to-face communications, labor-intensive assessment devices, and significant monitoring of managerial decisions. Technology also enables organizations to provide online testing services as well as to monitor hiring processes to minimize the potential for discriminatory hiring practices. (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2010) The most pervasive form of bureaucracy, rigid, time-consuming and ineffective processes are reflected in HRM compensation systems. This is in spite of the critical role they play in attracting, motivating and retaining employees. Leveraging technology may allow firms to better achieve their compensation goals with considerably less effort. (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2010) In regards to training and development, although it is not new for organizations to look to different avenues such as computer or video, many organizations have begun delivering much more training via the internet. Although some training can be done effectively via the internet and intranet, some can not. Online training can considerably shorten the amount of time and money an organization spends on training. (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2010) Pros and Cons of e-HRM Individual Level Looking at the pros and cons on a micro-level, some case studies reveal increased employee acceptance and satisfaction due to added value like time-savings or increased accuracy of results. (Ruta, 2005; Hawking, Stein, Foster, 2004) however, concerns of privacy and perceptions of fairness by employees was of concern.